Revetment fabricating machine



Am. 23, 1949. 5. WALKER REVETMENT FABRICATING MACHINE 2 Sheets-Sheet 1Filed Aug. 5, 1946 19mm 240%,; [idem/4 $13M 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 QM QN NNWHR\LLL LHLLMLMJW G. WALKER REVETMEN'I' FABRICATING MACHINE Filed Aug. 5,1946 Patented Aug. 23, 1949 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE REVETMENTFABRICATING MACHINE Gordon Walker, Baton Rouge, La.

Application August 5, 1946, Serial No. 688,476

7 Claims. 1

This invention relates to machines for forming revetments or mats byinterweaving planks or other relatively stiff, heavy members.

The primary object of the invention is to provide such a machine orapparatus utilizing relatively stiff and extremely heavy material, suchas boards, to fabricate mats or revetments which are adapted for use tosupport river banks or channels, or which may advantageously be used inthe forming of emergency landing strips, in building roads over soft orswampy ground, and for other analogous purposes.

The invention employs a machine having a platform associated therewithfor supporting a plurality of longitudinal or warp members forlongitudinal movement, the frame or platform being arranged in suchmanner as to permit the assembling and nailing together of boardsthereon in end to end relation to form longitudinal or warp members ofany desired length.

The invention further provides warp spreading mechanism arranged toreciprocate or deflect portions of different sets of said members inopposite vertical directions to periodically form spaces between saidmembers into which cross members or Weft members may be transverselyinserted. Preferably said Warp spreading mechanism also serves to urgethe warp members in a longitudinal direction through the machine.

Further, there is provided weft feeding and manipulating mechanismoperating in timed or synchronized relation to said warp spreadingmechanism to receive and position successive weft members relative tosaid warp members and to each other, while urging said weft members in alongitudinal direction.

The foregoing objects and advantages are attained by the preferredembodiment of the invention illustrated in the accompanying drawings, inwhich:

Figure 1 represents a side elevation of the complete machine showing thework operatively positioned therein, one side of the frame being removedto permit a better View of the operative parts;

Figure 2, a cross-section on the line 2--2 of Figure 1, looking in thedirection of the arrows;

Figure 3, an enlarged detail fragmentary side elevation showing thepreferred manner of mounting the weft pushers on the sprocket chains ofthe weft manipulating mechanism;

Figure 4, an enlarged fragmentary plan view of the portion of theinvention shown in Figure 3;

Figure 5, a plan view of the preferred embodiment of the invention shownin Figure 1, the work being omitted therefrom; and,

Figure 6, a front elevation of the preferred embodiment of theinvention.

Referring now in detail to the accompanying drawings, the frame of themachine, generally designated F, is formed from suitable rigid membersand preferably comprises the longitudinally extending base members I andthe upper side frame longitudinally extending members 2 respectivelysupported thereabove by any suitable arrangement such as the verticalsupports and diagonal braces shown.

Occupying the rear portion of the frame F is a platform P adapted tosupport a plurality of longitudinally extending warp members L, as shownin Figure 1, during longitudinal movement. The upper surface of thesupporting platform P extends across the frame between the transverselyspaced frame members 2, and said platform may conveniently be composedof 'a series of longitudinal preferably wooden members 3 supported bycross-bars 4 extending between and secured to the frame members 2.

The upper surfaces of the platform members 3 are preferably formed ofmetal strips 5 to present hard surfaces serving to clinch nails N assame are driven through the overlapping ends of boards which may besuccessively placed on the platform and nailed to the preceding boardsof their respective warp members to form composite warp members L of anydesired length, all as shown in Figure 1. The smooth surfaces presentedby the metal strips 5 also serve to minimize the friction between thewarp members L and platform P as the former move in a longitudinaldirection.

Suitable guide means are associated with the frame F and platform P tomaintain the warp members L in predetermined relatively transverselyspaced positions during their longitudinal movement. The preferred formof said guide means comprises a series of vertically projecting rollers6 which are carried by a transverse frame member I for rotation aboutvertical axes. However it is of course not essential that said guides bein the form of rollers.

Mounted on the frame F forward of the platform P to receive warp membersL from said platform and reciprocate different sets of said warp membersin opposite vertical directions is the warp spreading mechanism of theinvention. Such reciprocation or deflection of the members or portionsthereof, serves to periodically form spaces between said sets of warpmembers into which weft members may be successively inserted in atransverse direction, and in longitudinally spaced relationship to eachother.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention said mechanism comprisesupper and lower transverse shafts or cam shafts 8 and 9 respectivelyjournalled above and below the surface of the platform P adjacent theforward end thereof. The bearings ill for the upper shaft 8 may besupported above the frame on suitable diagonal supporting members Hmounted on the frame members 2.

Any of various mechanical expedients may be utilized to, cause.simultaneous. rotation of thetwo shaft'ssBlahd 9 at-eq;ual speedsandipreferablya in opposite directions.

One suitable arrangement for attaining this,

end employs a pair of transverse shafts l2 and 1 l2 journalled acrossthe franreeFE-forlrotations Keyed on said shafts for rotation therewithare H) gears l3, l3 respectively, said gearsbeing in mesh with eachother to causewrotatiorr ofzthein:

respective shafts in opposite directions and at the same speed. Theshaft [2 and lower-cam shaft 9 are each provided with sprocket wheels[41 and? ['51 respectively keyed: thereon. and: a;- spiiocket chain Ithis eoperativelycrdisposediaround? andabetweenr;saidrsmockets I 4:ands! 5 i170: cause;- simultaneousxrotatioir of 1 saidishafts: 91- andz;12'. The upper camshaftfi :is similarly connected for simultaneous-:rotation with: the' shaft-i l2 by; means of the sprockets I'I:andBsmOuntedQonv saidi. respective: shaftssand 'ha-vin the: sprocket chainl9::passingn-therearound;

The sprocket-s chain sprockets.=.ll and::l*8 are: solocated:transversely;v of:'the;-machine 38.531301 :have: saidzzchain 1in 1ongi,-. tudina}:salignmentrwithioneeot;the:guides-,6 and;- thusdiSpOBGk to: extendi between: and: of: alignmentawithv thewarpifmenfloerssh to-av0id: 5 interferences with". samesduring;;op1er.a-tion-. of; the" machine;

Rotary: movementr. may: be imparted to; thee shafts' wande B'fabysuitable meansa a specific .embcdim'e'nt of which;isrdescribedr'hereinafter;

Mounted! on: the shafts: 8s andvziizforrrotation. therewithmare'axpluralityyof--pairsz12-B;, 29 and-2 l 2H or cooperating:eccentri'crrotary members. whiclr-mayia'dvantageouslyttake :the iornrpfiLearn: discs: Each'saidpaimeomprisesflipper ahd'alowemmembers%:o1:.=d-iscs1:20, '26". respectively; or 2 i; 21? respectively;theedise's of eachspaitbeingrmounted, in," correspondingpositionseotlrotatiom filli'theili :ree spective: shaftswiorvrotatibn"therewith imphasei withi ea'ch zoiihem: thouglr preferably:inscppositadirections.

Alternate: pairs f said discsmr member-s5 l r 2 I are mo-un ted 10m1711811 1 respective shaftssim diner-r entipositions?ofilrotaticnxzthahcand; preferably at one hundred a'ndleighty @degrees 1t their;res-pee=tiVvadjacen'ti-pains :ofz-discsz'w, 130C to irotate-iin difierent;preferably opposite-ephase-- ta their, said adz'iacent'pairs ofddisess.

Thuszit ;wi1-1 beseerrzthat'warptmembersl pa seingszbetweenetheeperipheries iOf-lfifiQhi pair nofediscs' will be raisedOr lowerediniopppsitiomtothe movement of-ith'einrelativelyadiacent'members Mounted on ltheiframerfkforward-ly; otrthe warnmanipulating mechanisms;aboveedeseribed 'isi-theweft:manipulatingzimechanmn f 1 the f-invention; whichpoperates: r in;synclc-ron-ism with, the warp; manipulating; mechanism toereceivecandPIOper;,-. ly;.-p,osition-, 1 successive weft members relative: to. eachother andtzto, the warp members, after said weft members-arednserteditransyerselybetween, sa-id .relativelm'spacedlsets 50f wlarpe memberst-Said weft: manipulating mechanism prefer? ablypcompnises ea pair;of;,llongitud-inally,relatively spaced shafts.;, 22;. and- 23.,respectivelyrotatablyv journalled transversely-across.,theefram'eE. 7RBI-- atively transversely, spacedlpa'irs of 1 longi udinal-v- 1yalignedlsprockets 214, ar e mounted'on the respective shafts 22 cand 23,for' rotation therewith. Chains 2'5 pass. around and'firi, operative,

|9tl and: its; cooperating; v a

engagement with the sprockets-z'tafiarseteam 15 4 said pair, the upperportions or segments of said chains 26 being disposed for longitudinalmovement substantially parallel to the movement of the warp rnembersL. Iv

Carried bylsaidichains 2 6 for movement'itherewith are a series of weftpushers 21: the weft pushcrs of each chain being relatively uniformlyspaced and arranged thereon in relative transversealignmentwith the weftpushers of said cthe rlchain.

Thew'e ft'pushers 27 may be of any suitable type; suchflastsho-wn inenlarged detail views in Figures 3 and 4, wherein each is formed withsuitable-means such as the forwardly disposed shoulder 27a projectingperpendicularly from the chain-to engageitheaveft'membersTi' Theshoulder zzl'a'isadaptedtozabut againstsa-id weft meme hers andurgevsamei through'athem-achine in"v a9 longitudinal idirecticniwhen"said weft pusher is moved-forwardly withits respective chain be tweenthesprocketsfla and 25'; itbeing noted-that? the:- sprocketsMiand-2'5wareerotated inisuchawdi-e rcction' thatathe upper; sections;Of'TthB' chains L26"; move forwardly from. thesprockets a 24'; tow.the:- sproekets 5'. Th weftvpushersam-Of course-ins operative duringtheir rearward-or return movee" ment with the lowerrsegmentszofttheir'respectivel chains :fronrsprockets' 25v-to'sprockets 2'4:

Iii-tire preierred.ffcr1n-.of weft-'pusherwillustra'tedin Figures-B and4; each'* saidweft-ipushe'r fil 'issecured atrits forward portion toone'ofthe links 26a 1 of: its 1 respective chain, preferably by;welding; and 'formed with a free: rearwardl'y profejecting tail portion21b? adapted to :abut against i adjacent relatively rea'rward'lyldisposed links wlren said 'liiiks aredisposed in relatively linear oi ali'gned relation, as in passing 'betweenth'e re'-=- speetive sprockets"2 4- and 25. This arrangementr' serves toma intain the shoulder 21a of"each said weft-pusher perpendicular relative-to it'ssprocketclfai-n"-26 during it's operative engagement with-the: Weftmembers T5 Further; when the weftpush erg 2'Tpassarc'u'nd either of"the-sprock'ets 24 0i 25'; thus having the adjacent- -1inks-oftheir'respective chains dispcsed at an angle to each other, therearwardlyprojcting tail por tion are or eachsaicl weft pusher is freeto-move radially-outwardly relative-to said sprockets and= out ofengagement with its) respective r'earwardlydisposed ccoper ating link2%, thus permitting the necessary ilexi bility of the chains asthey passaround the sprccketsid and 25E The chain's' 26-- are so locatedtransversely of the machine-that-the Weft pushers; 2 7 will pro jectupwardly and move longitudinally between" adjacenttransversely spacedwarp members-L in engagement with the weft membersT, the rela-- tivelytransversely aligned weftpushers 27 of the chains'-26 serving toaccurately position the weft members transversely to the warp members.-

It will be-se'eri th'at therespective successive weft" members are;thusaccurately transversely positionedrelative to the longitudinallyextending warprnembers L and are accuratelyspaced r'elativeto each otherin accordance with the longitudinal distancebetween the respective weftpushers-gfi.

'I'he warp spreading mechanism, and weft manipulatingmechanism of theinvention are connected for operation in timed or synchronized relationso that. the weft manipulating mechanism and the weft pushers 21"thereofwill 'be in proper operative position to engage a weft member after-sameis inserted" transversely between wardly of the warp manipulatingmechanism,

each time the warp members or portions thereof are reoiprocated, or inother words each time the different sets of warp members are spreadapart by the action of the warp spreading mechanism.

Obviously the means for connecting said two mechanisms for synchronizedoperation could assume any of a variety of forms; The means shown in theaccompanyin drawings for the purpose of illustration comprises sprocketWheels or sprockets 28 and 29 fixedly secured to the respective shaftsSi and 23 of the warp spreading and weft manipulating mechanisms, andsprocket chains 3i! operatively associated with said respective pairs ofsprockets in accordance with usual practice, to cause simultaneousrotation of the said shafts 9 and 23 of the two mechanisms.

Since all of the rotating shafts of the machine are interconnected forsimultaneous rotation, obviously operative power may be supplied to themachine through any one of said shafts. In the accompanying drawings, inorder to receive operating power, the shaft 23 is provided with a drivensheave 3i fixedly secured thereto for rotation therewith. Said sheavemay be driven by a belt from any usual suitable source of power, or anyother suitable arrangement may be made for supplying power to themachine. However the source of power is not illustrated in theaccompanying drawings, as it constitutes no part of the presentinvention.

In the operation of the machine, which is believed to be apparent fromthe accompanying drawings and detailed description, the boardsconstituting the warp members L are longitudinally disposed on the warpsupporting platform P, preferably one warp member being placed on eachplatform member 3, the widths of the warp members L and their relativearrangement being such that they will pass between and be maintained inproper spaced relation by theguides 6, which serve to guide them betweenthe opposed peripheries of the respective pairs of discs or members 20,20, 2|, 2|.

Successive additional boards may be added to the rear end of each warpmember L as same is fed longitudinally through the machine, by placingsaid added boards on the platform -P in longi-- tudinal alignment withthe warp members L into which they are to be incorporated, with theirforward ends slightly overlapping the rear ends of the preceding boardsof their respective warpv members. The said overlapping ends may besecured together by nails N driven therethrough, all as shown in Figure1 of the drawings, without interrupting the longitudinal passage of thewarp members L through the machine. The

pointed ends of the nails N will be bent over or clinched by engagementwith the metal plates '5. Thus it will be seen that sufficient boards orlengths of other material may be added together during the operation ofthe machine to form the warp members and the resulting mat or revetmentof any desired length.

As the warp members pass longitudinally through the machine, each willpass between the opposed peripheries of one of the pairs 20, 20' or 2i,2| of rotary cam members or discs which, due to their eccentricarrangement on their respective shafts will move or deflect the warpmembers or portions thereof vertically. Due to the aforementionedrelative arrangements of the rotary discs or members 20, 20, 2| and 2|of the warp spreading mechanism, it will be seen that alternate warpmembers L will thus be reciprocated or deflected in different,preferably opposite phase to their respective adjacent members. Thus thewarp members L will be divided into two sets reciprocating in oppositevertical directions to periodically provide spaces extendingtransversely therebetween into which successive weft members T maybeinserted.

Each time the respective sets of warp members L are vertically spaced, arigid preferably wooden weft member T is inserted, manually orotherwise, therebetween at a point just forward of the warp spreadingmechanism, as at T in Figure 1.

As the said weft member T is moved longitudinally forward with the warpmembers, after having thus been inserted, it is engaged by a pair oftransversely aligned weft pushers 21, 21 of the weft manipulatingmechanism. Said weft pushers serve to accurately transversely positionsaid member and to space it from its preceding member by a distanceequal to the longitudinal distances between the weft pushers 21.

If desired, the weft members T may be fixedly secured in place relativeto their cooperating warp members by nailing said respective memberstogether during their passage through or over the weft manipulatingmechanism, as at N.

It will be seen that the weft manipulating mechanism, due to thepositive engagement of the weft pushers 2'! with the weft members T,

serves as the primary means for urging both the warp and weft members Land T respectively through the machine. However in the preferredembodiment of the machine wherein the shafts of the warp spreadingmechanism are rotated in opposite directions so that the respectiveopposed peripheries of the discs or members 20, 20', 2| and 2| are allrotating or moving forwardly, it will be'apparent that the warpspreading mechanism also assists in feeding the work longitudinally.

In the preferred use of the machine, it is contemplated that the machinewill be mounted adjacent a body of water or on a barge floating thereinso that the completed mats or revetments formed by the machine will bedischarged from the forward end thereof into the water to float in andbe supported thereby, thus enabling the production of mats or revetmentsof almost unlimited continuous lengths. However, the invention is notlimited. to such arrangement, it being obvious that the completedrevetment formed thereby could be supported in various ways, or cut intorelatively short lengths as formed, for easy handling.

In this application I have shown and described only the preferredembodiment of my invention, simply by way of illustration of thepractice thereof, as by law required. However I recognize that myinvention is capable of other and different embodiments and that thevarious details thereof may be modified in various ways, all withoutdeparting from my said invention; therefore the drawings and descriptionherein are to be considered as merely illustrative and not as Vexclusive.

nesting said: shafts .sfOr rotationin opposite fdi'i rections, and:aplurality ;-ofpairs of respectively peripherally opposed cooperatingcams. mounted: onfsaid shafts, the-cams of each said-pair being mountedon their'respective shafts forrotation therewith in phase with eachother to alternately raise and lower a warp member moving between theirrespective peripheries, some of saidpai-rs ofzcamsbeing mounted on theirrespective shafts for: operation in substantially opposite phase to theremainder -.thereof,so that the warp members engagedthereby will beraised and 1owered-in-.

opposition to the movement of other warp'memhers: inucombination' withweft manipulating mechanismcomprising longitudinally spaced sprocketsrotatably mounted on said frame-forward of said warp spreadingmechanism; chainspassing--around said sprockets in operative en- 7gagement therewith, relatively longitudinally spaced weft pusher memberscarried by said chains to engagesand urge successive weft membersrin" a:longitudinal direction while' relatively fixedly" spacing same, andmechanical means atal-lrtimes connecting saidwarp spreadingmechanismr'and "saidwweft manipulating mechanism for simultaneousoperation-in synchronized relationshipiwhereby said weft manipulatingmechanism will be positioned to :receive a weft member duringeach-movement'pf said'warp members, and= the woven material will passcontinuouslythrough the machine,

2.'A revetment fabricating machine compris ing; an elongated frame; aplatform mounted on the rearthereofto support'a plurality of warpmembers for longitudinal :movement, means associated with saidframeformaintaining said war-p members-in relatively transversely spacedrelationship-during their'longitudinal movement, and warp spreadingmechanism'mounted on said frame to'receive warp members from said'platform comprising, a 'plurality of relatively transversely" spacedpairs of respectively peripherally spaced opposed upper and lowereccentric cam: discs, the 'dlSCSEOf eachsaidpair being mountedfdr-rotation in oppositesdirectionsin phase witheach other and inopposite phase relativeto ad jacent pair's thereof so" that adjacentwarp mem bers -engaged' by'ad-j'acent pairs of" said eccentric camidiscs.willwbe raised" and lowered-*in-oppositibn tdeach other, in combinationwith weft manipulating mechanism" comprising longitudinallyspacedsprockets rotatably mounted on'sai'dr frame forward of said warpspreading mechanism; achain passing'around'said sprockets in operativeengagement therewith; relatively longie tudinally spaced weft pushermembers carried by said'chain to engage and urge successive weft"members-in a longitudinal direction while relati-velyspacing' same, andmechanical means at all times connecting said warp spreading mechanismandz'said weft-manipulating -mechanism for simultaneous operationin'synchronized relationship; whereby the material being'fabricated'will pass continuously through the machine.

3. A revetment fabricating machine comprising; an--elongated-frame, aplatform mounted thereon to support aplurality of warp members forlongitudinal movement, means for guidingsaid Warp members intheir-longitudinalmove ment, and warp spreadingsmechanism mounted onsaid frame to receive warp members from said platform comprising-,- aplurality of relatively transversely spaced pairs of respectivelyperipherallyspaced opposed upperiand lower eccentric. camvdiscs,the-,discsof each. said pair.v beingnmuntedtforrotation. in oppositedirections in phasezwith, each otherito ,periodicallyraise. and lowerawarp, member passingtherebetween while urging. sameina. longitudinal.direction, adjacentpairs of said discs being. arranged for operation. indifierent .phaseso, that adjacent warp.,members will. be. raised. andlowered in. substantial opposition to each other, in combination. with.weft manipulatingmechanism,comprising, a plu-. rality ofrelativelylongitudinally spaced weft. pushers, means supporting said pushers formovement in-i a longitudinal direction, means for. causing. suchmovement, and mechanical means at all times connectin said warpspreading mechanism. and said. weft manipulating mechanism' forsimultaneous operation in synchronized relationship, whereby. thematerial being fabricated will pass continuously through the machine.

4'. Arevetme'nt fabricating machine comprising,, an elongated'frame, aplatform mountedthereon. to suppprt a plurality of. warp; members forlongitudinal movement, means associated. with' .said"frame for guidingsaid warp members in their longitudinal" movement, and. warp;spreadingme'chanism mounted on said frame to receive'warp members fromsaid platform com prising, a -plurality ofrelatively transverselydisposed pairs of respectively peripherally; spaced; upper and.lowereccentriccamdiscs; the discs: of "each said pair being mounted forrotation in phase with each other; and adjacent pairs of said discsbeinglarranged for'operationin differentphase, in combination with weftmanipulating mechanisnncomp'rising a plurality of relativelylongitudinally spacediweftpushers, means supporting, said: pushers intheir longitudinally spacedrelationship'for'"movement inalongitudinal'diiiection-torengage successive weft memb'ers', means forcausing; such movement, and." mechanicallmean's'at all times connectingsaid-- warpspreading m'echanism and saidweft manipulatingmechanism forsimultaneous operation in synchronized relationship; whereby thematerial being fabricated will pass continuously through themachine.

5. A revetment;fabricating;mach'ine comprising, an elongated frame; aplatform mounted thereon to supp 0rt a plurality of warp membersforlongitudinal movement, and. warp spreading mechanism'mountedon' said'frame to receive warp, members from. said platform comprising,aplu'rality of relatively transversely disposedi pairs ofrespectivelycooperating upper and lower cams, the cams of"ea'clr saidpair being mounted fonsimultaneous rotation in phase with each other,andiadjacentpairs thereof being arranged forflrotationin'differentphase, in combination with weftmanipulating mechanism comprisingaplurality... of relatively.- longitudinally spaced weft p-ushers. means,-supporting said. pushers, in their, relatively longitudinally spacedrelationship .for movement in a..longi t.udinal. direction in .engage-.mentwith .isuccessi-vem weft members, and. mechanical' means at alltimesconnecting, saidwarp. spreadingmechanism andsaidweft manipulatingmechanism. for. simultaneousloperation in synz chronizedrelationshimwhereby the material, beinghfabricatedswill pass continuously. throughthe. machines.

6.. A revetment a. fabricating imachine comprising, .a platform{arranged to .support a plurality of warp members for longitudinal.movement,- and: War-p spreading; mechanismv associated with, said-.platform to, receive .warp .mcmbers there.- from, ;comp nis,ing,; atpl'urality; of;re1ative1y,transs versely disposed pairs ofeccentrically mounted relatively axially spaced rotary members, themembers of each said pair being mounted for simultaneous rotation inphase with each other to engage opposite sides of one of said warpmembers, and adjacent pairs thereof being arranged for rotation indifierent phase, in combination with weft manipulating mechanismoperating in synchronism with said warp spreading mechanism comprising,a plurality of relatively longitudinally spaced weft pushers, meanssupporting said pushers in their relatively longitudinally spacedrelationship for movement in a longitudinal direction in engagement withsuccessive weft members, and mechanical means at all times connectingsaid warp spreading mechanism and said, weft manipulating mechanism forsimultaneous operation.

'7. A revetment fabricating machine comprising, a longitudinallyextending frame, a warp supporting platform associated therewith tosupport a plurality of warp members during longitudinal movementthereof, warp spreading cam mechanism mounted on said frame adjacentsaid platform to receive warp members therefrom and reciprocatedifferent sets of said warp members in opposite vertical directionsrelative to each 10 other to periodically form spaces between saidrespective sets of members into which weft members may be periodicallytransversely inserted, weft manipulating mechanism for receiving andproperly positioning successive weft members relative to said warpmembers and to each other as same are inserted between said sets of warpmembers, while urging said weft members in a longitudinal direction, andmechanical means at ;all times connecting said warp spreading mechanismand said weft manipulating mechanism for simultaneous operation insynchronized relationship, whereby the material being fabricated willpass continuously through the machine.

GORDON WALKER.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file ofthis patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 773,808 Pentlarge Nov. 1, 1904937,608 Hull Oct. 19, 1909 1,058,982 Jones Apr. 15, 1913 1,161,749 St.John Nov. 23, 1915

